ORIGINAL RESEARCH


https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10083-1019
Journal of Scientific Dentistry
Volume 12 | Issue 1 | Year 2022

Evaluation of Types of Treatment Plan for Patients with Class II Division 2 Malocclusion among Orthodontists in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu: A Questionnaire Study


Akash Ponnukumar1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0661-0622, Arya Jayavarma2, Lidhiya Alexander3

1–3Department of Orthodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India

Corresponding Author: Akash Ponnukumar, Department of Orthodontics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India, Phone: +91 9962039962, email: akashponnukumar@gmail.com

How to cite this article: Ponnukumar A, Jayavarma A, Alexander L. Evaluation of Types of Treatment Plan for Patients with Class II Division 2 Malocclusion among Orthodontists in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu: A Questionnaire Study. J Sci Dent 2022;12(1):11–14.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

Received on: 01 November 2022; Accepted on: 16 November 2022; Published on: 15 December 2022

ABSTRACT

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the different treatment alternatives for class II division 2 malocclusion prevalent among the orthodontist in a questionnaire study.

Methodology: The study was conducted among the orthodontist practicing in Chennai and Puducherry regions. A self-reviewed questionnaire was distributed to 52 orthodontists and the completely filled survey questions were collected and assessed.

Results: Only an average of 27% of patients were having class II division 2 malocclusion with 69% of orthodontists considering the age of 12–15 years to be an optimal treatment period. Self-ligating bracket system was highly preferred for treatment care compared to the conventional bracket system.

Conclusion: A need for proper treatment plan, appliance selection, and appropriate biomechanics is needed for class II division 2 malocclusion.

Keywords: Class II division 2, Management, Prevalence, Survey.

INTRODUCTION

Among the heterogeneous population in India, the most common malocclusion seen after crowding is class II malocclusion which attributes to about 14.6% of total population1 and in Chennai alone, it is around 15.3% in primary occlusion.2 Among class II, division 2 type malocclusion is considered to be one of a unique variety having deep bite, lingually inclined incisors, proclined maxillary lateral incisors deep curve of spee, deep mento labial sulcus, gummy smile, and irregular gingival margins.3 The treatment of class II division 2 malocclusion is a great task due to its varied features and etiological factors.4 The most common mode of treatment for class II starts with a functional appliance, fixed or removable, and aims at redirecting the growth of the upper jaw and accelerating the growth lower jaw in growing patients, camouflage via extraction in adults and via orthognathic surgeries in certain cases. However, the main problem in class II division 2 is that the extraction is inhibited for maximum cases and the use of functional appliances is restricted due to inadequate overjet. When it is opted to create the necessary space without extractions, an alternative to obtain the necessary space to correct the malocclusion must also be planned. Class II division 2 patients require a proper treatment plan as there is a need for esthetics and functions. The treatment objectives must include the chief complaint of the patient, and the mechanics plan should be individualized based on the specific treatment goals. In this study, we are going to evaluate the different treatment alternatives for Class II division 2 malocclusion prevalent among orthodontists in and around the Pondicherry and Chennai regions.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The main objectives of this study were as follows:

METHODOLOGY

Information on different treatment possibilities for class II division 2 malocclusion were collected from the database PubMed. The study was conducted among 52 orthodontists in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry region by asking a questionnaire (see the format below) about class II: Two treatment alternatives.

Depending upon the previous study, sample estimation was done where a minimum sample size of 52 was considered using the following formula where the Alpha (α) = 0.05, estimated proportion (p) = 84% (0.84), estimation error (d) = 10% (0.1), and Z = 1.96.

Private orthodontists as well as institutional practitioners were included in the survey. Among the 52, 16 orthodontists were private and the rest were associated with institutions. They were all telephoned in advance and were informed about the project and requested to participate. The results obtained were then reviewed and compared using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software.

RESULTS

The orthodontist answered that 25–28% of the patients they encountered were presented with a class II division 2 malocclusion, 68–70% of practitioners said that the best treatment time for this malocclusion should be around 12–15 years of age while 18–20% said it was around 9–11 years, 10% said above 15 years while rest said below 9 years (Fig. 1). A total of 44% of orthodontists said that ratiocination of the upper incisors was considered as one of the determining factors for their treatment plan followed by deep bite which was attributed to 28%, decreased overjet 23%, and the rest 5% attributing it to other features (Fig. 2). More than 64% of the orthodontist preferred self-ligating bracket system for treatment (Fig. 3).

Fig. 1: Age group preferred for orthodontic treatment for class II division 2 malocclusion

Fig. 2: Order of the clinical features which determines need for the treatment

Fig. 3: System of bracket used

DISCUSSION

The treatment modalities for class II division 2 malocclusion vary according to age and the skeletal counterpart of the malocclusion. Since there are many modalities for the treatment a need arises to determine the most common and effective method among all and there is no better way to decide other than to study the prevalent existing procedures and these formed the basis for this study. A questionnaire survey was used as they are effective when the respondents are experienced in the topic and there was a requisite for a definite purpose for the objective from the clear findings from the available resources.5 Did a similar study as they surveyed and investigated the best treatment plan for class II division 1 malocclusion in the Stockholm and Uppsala area by sending a questionnaire to 50 orthodontists in that area and they concluded no fixed standard treatment is there for the malocclusion, several factors such as patient’s age, compliance, other malocclusion has to be considered while planning. Among the survey conducted, less than 30% of the patient they encountered had class II division 2 type of malocclusion and the majority of the malocclusion would like to be treated within 12–15 years mainly in the permanent dentition period while around 20% of orthodontist said that they would treat it in late mixed dentition stage around 9–11 years of age. The objective reason for early treatment was to establish proper anterior occlusion and provide proper space for canines and to avoid crowding.6 Similarly the main concern in treating early is to maintain the occlusion for a longer period of time to prevent mandibular forward rotation and deep bite formation.7

With respect to the use of functional/orthopedic appliances and fixed treatment, many orthodontists preferred to use of fixed over the function as the freedom of play was considered to be high in fixed which may contradict few studies as Basavaraddi et al.8 described the application of fixed functional appliance in the treatment of an adult female having class II division 2 malocclusion with ratiocination of upper incisors and they demonstrated that fixed functional appliance can act as a better “noncompliant corrector”. In another study done by Atik et al.9 a case of Class II division 2 mandibular retrusion, severe deep bite, and concave profile was treated using forces and they concluded that Fixed functional application with appropriate treatment time can result in prominent changes in the facial profile and dentition, and the outcomes can be maintained at the long-term follow-up periods. The use of extraction was also suggested by some practitioners but it involved the risk of spacing in the long run in the maxilla9 Finally, the self-ligating system was highly preferred compared to conventional by the practitioners as the copper nickel titanium (CuNiTi) wire used along with the self-ligating brackets increases the arch length.10

CONCLUSION

With the data, we acquired from our study we came to the conclusion that majority of the orthodontist prefer treating class II division 2 case by non-extraction method mainly during the permanent dentition period, and initially concentrate on correcting the ratiocination of upper anteriors as it further paves for the mandibular growth mainly by using the self-ligating system to increase the treatment efficacy and usage of functional appliance depends upon the underlying skeletal pattern. Hence, class II division 2 malocclusion requires a meticulous and effective treatment plan for correction to achieve an ideal occlusion and form.

ORCID

Akash Ponnukuma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0661-0622

REFERENCES

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