Various methods of gaining space in the arch may be obtained by number of means including reproximation, expansion ofthe den Lal arches, extraction of certain teeth, distalization of canine and molars, uprighting of molars, derotation of posterior teeth and proclination of anteriors. Distalization of molars is the procedure where molars are moved posteriorly by using removable or fixed intraoral orthodontic appliances or extraoral orthopedic appliances. This article reviews the various molar distalizer, the best time for molar distalization and the current distalizer designs also.

Destruction of gingival and periodontal tissue is mediated by a very large degree of host cells following stimulation by locally produced cytokines. These cytokines act as the initial mediators of the cellular component of inflammation. It has now been shown that a range of bacterial molecules is able to induce human cells to produce a variety Of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. It is clear that cytokines play a key role in the immune system, in hematopoiesis, and in immunoregulation. They also play a role in the pathophysiology, both in producing tissue destruction as well as in healing. Host cells such as keratinocytess fibroblasts, endothelial cells and tissue monocytes respond to certain bacterial proteins and lipopolysaccharides by generating primary proinflammatory cytokines. Their excessive production in chronic inflammation may have pathologic consequences in diseases su ch as periodontitis. Cytoki nes are a significant and integral part of the host response to periodontal infection. Additionally, these molecules are important as physiologic mediators in the periodontium, serving in both normal processes and as pathogenic mediators. A therapeutic goal in clinical periodontics can be aimed at maintaining a physiological role for the cytokines while recognizing that their overproduction results in pathologic changes.

Esthetic replacement of Maxillary Anterior single tooth by implant-supported restoration is a challenging task in most situations. Osseo integration has become predictable but soft tissue drape responsi ble for overall esthetics demands a respectful handling at all stages of implant treatment. This article brings to light the aspects that help maximize the esthetic results and presents a case that shows different techniques that enhance the esthetic outcome of implant-supported maxillary anterior single tooth at various stages oftreatment.

Lichen planus is a relatively common, chronic dermatologic disease that often affects the oral mucosa, The strange name of the condition was provided by the British physician Erasmus Wilson, who first described it in 1869. We report a case oferosive lichen planus in a 30 year old female pa tient.

Lip pits are among the rarest congenital deformities recorded. Initially reported in 1845, its familial occurrence has been repofted just once. These developmental anomalies occur either as an isolated defect or in association with other developmental deformities including cleft lip, cleft palate or both. It may be located at the commissures of the lips or in the midline of the lower lip. It is often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance. We report a case ofcongenital lip pit manifesting in the lower lip in a 12 year old male child.

The styloid process is a cylindrical, long cartilaginous bone located on the temporal bone. The styloid process elongation can be assumed if either the styloid process or the adj acent stylohyoid ligament ossi fication shows an overall length in excess of 30 mm. Here we report a case of elongated styloid process which was fractured following head injury in a road traffic accident. The patient was so diagnosed during routine radiographical examination and required no surgical intervention since she was asymptomatic.

This report describes a simplified method for construction of an interim hollow bulb obturator for an acquired maxillary defect. Final impression was made with irreversible hydrocolloid and the master cast was blocked out with plaster. Wax up was done leaving thc hollow bulb open after acrylization, the defect was filled with table salt and selfcure resin was used to cover the defect. Later a small hole was made and the table salt was washed off in water and the hole was also filled with self cure resin, The obturator was well retained in the patient's mouth and markedly improved his ability to speak and swallow-This technique proved to be a simple, quick, and cost-effective method for construction ofhollcw bulb Obturators for acquired maxillary defects.

Mandibular molars can have an additional root located I ingually (the radix entomolaris) or buccally (the radix paramolari s). If present, an awareness and understanding ofthis unusual mot and its root canal morphology can con tribute to the soutcome of voot cunal treatment. This report discusses endodontic treatment ofmandibu lar molars With Oiboth Of which in the Indian population. The prevalence, the external morphological variations and internal anatomy of the radix cntomolaris and paramolaris arc described.

Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental tumour like condition that is characterised by replacement of normal bone by an excessive proliferation of cellular fibrous connective tissue intermixed with irregular bony trabeculae. Fibrous dysplasia is a sporadic condition that results from a post zygotic mutation in the GNAS I (guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide- I) gene. We report a case of fibrous dysplasia of maxilla in a 22 year old female patient.

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the inability to open the mouth due to fibrous or osseous union between the head of the mandible and glcnoid fossa. This report describes a case of2-ycar old female child who presented with progressive inability to open the mouth due to bony ankylosis of the right(TMJ).